توضیحات

Description

(USP 38)

1. Drug Substance General Information (ICH 3.2.S.1)

1.1. Nomenclature (ICH 3.2.S.1.1)

International non-proprietary name:  Ketoconazole (Brand Name: Nizoral, Terzolin, Ketoderm)

Compendial name:  Ketoconazole

Chemical name:  cis-1-Acetyl-4-[4-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxoan-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]piperazine

Arasto’s code: KET

CAS Registry Number:  [65277-42-1]

1. Drug Substance General Information (ICH 3.2.S.1)

1.2. Structure (ICH 3.2.S.1.2)

Empirical formula: C₂₆H₂₈Cl₂N₄O₄

Molecular Weight: 531.43 g/mol

1. Drug Substance General Information (ICH 3.2.S.1)

1.3. General Properties (ICH 3.2.S.1.3)

Ketoconazole is an off-white crystalline substance.  It is administered orally and dermally for the treatment of candidiasis, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, oral thrush, candiduria, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, chromomycosis, and paracoccidioid mycosis.

Ketoconazole is insoluble in water and soluble in very polar organic solvents (slightly soluble in alcohol and soluble in DMSO and to a lesser extent in DMF).   It is soluble in water at pH 1 due to salt formation with very strong acids (piperazine pK_a= 2.9, imidazole pK_a= 6.5, D.A. Williams and T.L. Lemeke, Eds. “Foye’s Principles of Medicinal Chemistry” Fifth Edition, New York, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001, p. 1074).  pKa vales for Ketoconazole have been reported to be 2.94 and 5.51 (www.researchgate.net/…ketoconazole…/79e4151225540c8b90.pdf) and its log P 3.84 (http://130.88.242.202/medicine/Aspergillus/Dropbox/Aspergillus_Website/asper gillus-web/articlesoverflow/12603774.pdf).  Ketoconazole is stable in acid and base (see Stability Studies).    LD₅₀ of Ketoconazole has been reported (mice oral 44 mg/kg; rats oral 86 mg/kg; guinea pigs oral 28 mg/kg dogs IV 49 mg/kg and oral 702, mg/kg see the Merck Index, 12th Edition, 1996).

The determination of purity and assay of APIs require comparison of the product with their respective Reference Standards (RS) and Related Compounds (RC or known impurities).  Accordingly, ICH regulations on the purity and assay of reference standard and related compounds are clearly defined and must be followed by drug substance and drug product manufacturers.

According to ICH Q7, 11.1 there are 3 types of standards.  This is summarized in the following chart and discussed in detail below.

The impurities provided in the following table represent Secondary Reference Standards (SRS) that are prepared in-house by synthesis or by isolation.  Each SRS has undergone extensive characterization ( IR, UV, 1HNMR, 13CNMR. Mass Spec) and determination of its purity and assay (HPLC).  For specification of the SRS of those products that have a monograph, the SRS is compared with a pharmacopoeia Primary Reference Standard (UV, HPLC retention time).  For specification of those products that do not  have a monograph (known as  House Primary Standard), we  compare their UV ε or ג/_max , IR major absorptions, 1HNMR d (ppm) , 13 CNMR  d (ppm) or HPLC retention time with values reported in the chemical literature for these compounds.

1. Primary and Secondary Reference Standard (ICH 3.2.S.5)

  5.1. Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient

Primary Reference Standard for Ketoconazole   is available from United States Pharmacopoeia. We will use a Secondary Reference Standard (previously referred to as Working Standard) for direct control of all batches of Ketoconazole.

As per ICH (Q7, 11.1) and ICH (Q6, 2.11, 3.2, 3.3) the Secondary Reference Standards, which include the API and its Related Compounds, must be examined for their proof of structure (characterization), assay and purity and specification (identification by comparison). Furthermore, ICH Guideline on the Preparation of Common Technical Document (Q4M) requires that the data obtained from characterization, assay and purity and specification must be included in section 3.2.S.3.2 for Related Compounds (already discussed in that section) and section 3.2.S.5 of the DMF for the API. To this end, the Secondary Reference Standards of the API Ketoconazole   has undergone extensive characterization (UV, IR, ¹ H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and Mass Spec) to assure its structure, assay and purity (HPLC and/or titration) and specification (comparison of its HPLC retention time and UV ג/_max with USP Primary Reference Standard.

The Secondary Reference Standard for Ketoconazole was produced from a released batch of Ketoconazole   by subjecting it to an additional crystallization from the final solvent system used in the production of the API to avoid the possibility of other polymorph formation.

SPECIFICATION OF ANALYSIS